At the same time, the expansion of the tourism economy has facilitated hiding profits of illicit origin by investing in the tourism industry ( Savona and Riccardi, 2015, p. The massive cross-border movement of tourists and the growth of the tourism economy have provided criminals with increased mobility and have allowed new opportunities for criminal enterprises ( Shelley, 2011). The UNWTO (2006, 2020) estimates that in 1970 there were 165.8 million international tourist arrivals, while in 2019 they reached 1.5 billion.
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Besides contributing consistently to several countries’ GDP, thanks to tourist spending and general business investment in the sector, the physical movement of tourists around the world has grown massively, facilitated by less protective visa regimes and cheaper airfares ( United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010). In 2019, the tourism economy generated US$8.9tn and represented 10.3% of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP), according to the WTTC. Analyzing tourist resorts as physical and functional spaces exploitable by transnational OCGs for criminal purposes is all the more significant, given that tourism is one of the largest economic sectors globally ( United Nations World Tourism Organization, 2006, 2020). Mass tourism areas provide many of the same opportunities for organized criminal groups. Given the high influx of cargo and people, seaports face inherent difficulties of performing adequate controls (European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drugs Addiction, 2019) without undermining efficiency and economic functionality (World Customs Organization, 2019). Seaports, for example, have been identified as primary venues exploited by OCGs to smuggle contraband such as drugs ( Sergi, 2020, p.
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Historically, border areas, seaports, airports, free trade zones and other transportation hubs created to foster legal economies have been targeted by OCGs seeking to further criminal goals ( Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2016, p.137 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010). Additionally, based on open source information, this paper provides the first systematic review of the presence of transnational fugitives in the Mayan Riviera. Considering that the Mayan Riviera has become home of expatriate communities involved in the tourism industry, this paper explores in particular the case of individuals of Italian origin tied to transnational crime who have relocated to Cancún and Playa del Carmen since the late 1990s. Cancún is the most visited city in Latin America ( Euromonitor International, 2019) and was the second city in the world’s most dependent on tourism after Macau (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2019) before the global COVID-19 pandemic hit tourism-dependent destinations. The proposed conceptual framework focuses on the case of the Mexican tourist resorts of Cancún and Playa del Carmen in the so-called Mayan Riviera. This paper begins to address this analytical gap by providing a detailed conceptual framework for how organized criminal groups and individuals connected with them can exploit tourism areas and the tourist industry to further criminal ventures and elude law enforcement.
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Yet, the relationship between tourist resorts and transnational organized crime has not been analyzed adequately. Organized crime groups (OCGs) and individuals related to them involved in transnational crime often take advantage of tourist resorts and the embedded tourist industry to pursue criminal goals ( Savona and Riccardi, 2015, p.
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